Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of mortality in the world. Increased blood pressure is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Decreasing blood pressure due to exercise can reduce the risk of cardiovascular incidents. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of exercise on blood pressure, heart rate and rate pressure product.materials and methods: To evaluate the effects of intensity and volume of resistance exercises on the post-exercise cardiovascular responses, 10 young untrained non-athletic men (age: 22±0.8 years; height: 173.05±2.4 cms and weight: 67.2±3.4 kgs) participated in this study as the subjects. The subjects performed four exercise bouts in a randomized order. Each bout consisted of five exercises: arm curl, hamstring curl, squat, seated lat pull-down and bench press. The exercises were determined to be performed at three sets: SHORT volume of LOW 40% 1RM (SL) and HIGH intensity 80%1RM (SH) and at six sets: LONG volume of LOW 40% 1RM (LL) and HIGH intensity 80% 1RM (LH). Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and rate pressure product (RPP) (product of HR and systolic BP) were measured before the exercise (baseline) and at the ten-minute intervals within 90 minutes after each exercise. Then, the data were analyzed using two way ANOVA repeated measures and LSD post-hoc tests.results: Systolic BP was found to be Affected by the volume and intensity of exercise and became lower during 10 to 60 minutes after the exercises (P<0.05). However, Diastolic BP was not altered after the exercise bouts. HR was increased in 30 minutes after LL and SL, and within 60 minutes after SH and LH exercises (P<0.05). In contrast, after SH and LH, RPP was increased over a period of 50 minutes.Conclusion: The intensity and volume of resistance exercises do not influence the magnitude and duration of post-exercise hypotension. Also, HR and RPP post-exercise are not affected by the resistance exercise volume.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effect of eight weeks of traditional resistance training and total body resistance exercise (TRX) on the immune system of obese sedentary women. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 28 obese women with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 30. 39±,4. 65 (kg/m2) were randomly divided into three groups of TRX training (N= 9), traditional resistance training (N= 9) and control (N= 10). The experimental groups performed exercise training in three sessions per week for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken from all subjects 48 hours before and after the last training session and were used for neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, basophil, and eosinophil analysis. Data were statistically analyzed using dependent T-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by SPSS software, the significance level was P< 0. 05. Results: The results of the study did not show significant differences within and between groups in the variables of the immune system (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils) (P< 0. 05). Also, the results of ANOVA showed a significant difference in basophil count only between the three groups (P= 0. 006). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, no significant difference in immune system indices was observed between the groups. Therefore, performing traditional resistance exercises and moderate-intensity TRX has no significant effect on the immune system of sedentary obese women.

Background & Aim: Exercise training, as a practical strategy, plays an important role in increasing adropin, adiponillin, reducing insulin resistance and preventing complications of overweight. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of exercise training on adropin, adiponillin, and insulin resistance indices in overweight and obese adult women. Methods: A systematic search was conducted for English and Farsi articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Sid and Magiran databases until June 2024. The mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test, and publication bias was evaluated through visual analysis of the funnel plot and Egger's test. Results: A total of 9 studies (10 interventions) and 208 overweight and obese adult female subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that exercise training had a non-significant effect on adropin [WMD=-0.387 (3.820 to -0.534) P=0.139], adipolin [WMD=3.320 (14.674 to -8.034) P=0.573], as well as a non-significant decrease in glucose [WMD=-7.222 (-2.153 to -12.291) P=0.005], insulin [WMD=-1.337 (0.503 to -3.178) P=0.154] and insulin resistance [WMD=0.254 (0.048 to -0.181) P=-0.067] compared to the control group of overweight and obese adult women. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis revealed that exercise training did not significantly improve adropin, adiponillin, and insulin resistance indices in overweight and obese adult women. Specifically, exercise training did not lead to a significant decrease in these indices compared to the control group.

Introduction: Exercise s known as austerity (riazat) in Iranian medicine, which is different to daily activities even in severely physical occupations. However, some specific occupations have been identified as austerity. In Iranian medicine, health maintenance includes six categories of: 1-Air, 2-Water and food, 3-Movement and immobility, 4-Psychological issues, 5-Sleep and wake, 6-Discharge and retention. Abu Ali Sina wrote in his book entitled ' Qanon': "austerity(exercise) is the most important factor in maintaining the health". The concept of austerity is equivalent to exercising according to the above mentioned recommendations. Methods: The texts of Iranian medicine such as Qanon, summary of experiences (Kholaseh-altajarob), Khwarazmshahi reserve (Zakhireh Khwarazmshahi), A group of writers, Six Ancient Medical Papers, and other sources were investigated. As a result, the role of activity and exercise recommendations were extracted from the perspective of Iranian medicine. Results: Iranian medicine books in the field of exercises showed that exercise was recommended for maintaining the health. Special exercises have been also recommended to improve some diseases. In this study, we found that exercise in Iranian medicine has two parts of general exercise and special sports. General exercises refer to non-specialized activities and special sports includes activities such as weightlifting, shooting, and polo. Conclusion: The Iranian medicine recommends the general exercise to maintain general health and the special sports for treating some diseases. The Iranian medicine has also explained how to exercise, types of exercise, and time of exercise.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Romberg exercise on balance improvement in elderly persons, 70 elderly persons with the history of two or more falling during recent 3 months were selected from Kahrizak nursing home in Tehran (38 as cases and 32 as controls).Materials & Methods: Romberg exercise was done in case group every day (45 minute per day and one time each day) for 3 months. Among all persons, 28 persons in case group and 21 persons in control group were followed for 6 months and incidence and frequency of falling were assessed during this time.Results: The Incidence of one or more falling in case and control groups was 31.3% and 47.6% in men and 57.9% and 27.3% in women, respectively. We found no significant relation between gender and the incidence of falling (P=0.460). Also, no significant relation was found between age and incidence (P=0.554) and frequency of falling (P=0.144) in elderly persons.Conclusion: Although the effect of Romberg exercise on improvement of balance disturbance and falling was not demonstrated, it needs additional studies with larger sample size and longer follow-up.

Extended AbstractBackground and Aim: In recent decades, the prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular diseases has increased, contributing to metabolic disorders and chronic inflammation (1, 3, 4). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) play key roles in inflammation and insulin resistance (5, 8, 9, 11). While IL-6 exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in response to exercise, its secretion from adipose tissue can exacerbate chronic inflammation (6-9). Physical training, particularly a combination of resistance and aerobic training, has been shown to reduce inflammation, improve body composition, and enhancing physical fitness (14, 18). The physiological adaptations induced by resistance training depend on how it is performed (14, 17). This study aimed to examine the effects of traditional and circuit resistance training combined with aerobic exercise on pro-inflammatory adipokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), body weight, and muscle strength in obese men. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test and post-test design over 12 weeks, involving 36 obese men. Participants were recruited through public advertisements and randomly assigned to three groups: control, traditional resistance training + aerobic training (TRT+AT), and circuit resistance training + aerobic training (CRT+AT). Inclusion criteria included an age range of 20–32 years, a BMI over 30 kg/m2, no regular physical activity in the past six months, and general health. Exclusion criteria criteria encompassed the use of metabolism-affecting drugs, joint disorders, and chronic diseases. The study was approved by the Hakim Sabzevari University Ethics Committee (code: IR.HSU.REC.1401.004). All participants were informed about the study protocol and provided written consent. The training program included a 10-minute warm-up, resistance training, and a 5-minute cool-down. Resistance training consisted of eight exercises (four upper-body and four lower-body movements) with progressive intensity increments: 55% 1RM (weeks 1–4), 64% 1RM (weeks 5–8), and 75% 1RM (weeks 9–12) (20). TRT was performed in three sets, while CRT was executed in a circuit format. Aerobic training was performed on a treadmill after a 5-minute rest at an intensity of 45–65% Heart rate reserve, adjusted using the Karvonen formula (21, 22). The control group maintained their usual lifestyle without any exercise interventions. Body weight was measured using a calibrated scale, Upper-body and lower-body strength were evaluated via bench press and leg press, respectively. Blood samples were collected 48 hours before and after the intervention following 12 hours of fasting. Plasma IL-6 and TNF-α levels were measured using the ELISA method. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess data normality. Repeated-measures ANOVA was employed for between-group comparisons, while sheffe test was used for within-group analyses. Statistical analyses was performed using SPSS version 29, with a significance level set at p<0.05.Findings: The Shapiro-Wilk test confirmed the normal distribution of data (p>0.05). Between-group comparisons revealed significant changes in IL-6 and TNF-α levels (p<0.001). Post-hoc analysis showed a significant decrease in IL-6 levels in both the TRT (p<0.001) and CRT (p<0.001) groups compared to the control, with no significant difference between the two training groups (p=0.18). Similarly, TNF-α levels decreased in the TRT (p=0.02) and CRT (p=0.01) groups compared to the control, with no significant difference between the two training groups (p=0.15). The control group showed no significant changes in IL-6 (p=0.38) or TNF-α (p=0.58). Muscle strength assessments showed significant improvements in both TRT and CRT groups for bench press and leg press (p<0.001), with no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.21 for bench press, p=0.24 for leg press). The control group showed no significant changes in bench press (p=0.15) or leg press (p=0.66). Body weight also showed significant changes (p=0.01). The CRT group had a significant reduction in weight compared to the control (p=0.02), while the difference between the TRT and control groups was not statistically significant (p=0.07). Within-group analysis revealed a significant weight reduction in both training groups (p<0.001), while the control group experienced a significant weight gain (p<0.001). Overall, both TRT and CRT effectively reduced IL-6 and TNF-α levels, increased muscle strength, and promoted weight loss, with no significant differences between the two training methods.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 12 weeks of traditional and circuit resistance training combined with aerobic exercise significantly reduced IL-6 and TNF-α levels, decreased body weight, and increased muscle strength in obese men. CRT had a greater impact on weight reduction, which may be due to shorter rest periods and higher post-exercise metabolic rate (27, 34). Consistent with previous research, our findings suggest that combining resistance and aerobic training elicits greater anti-inflammatory effects than either modality alone (25, 26). Training intensity and duration appear to be key factors influencing IL-6 and TNF-α reduction (27, 29, 31).Since reducing fat mass and modulating inflammatory adipokines are critical for preventing metabolic complications of obesity, well-structured exercise programs can play a significant role in improving physical health, reducing economic burdens, and lowering obesity- and diabetes-related mortality rates.Ethical ConsiderationsThis study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hakim Sabzevari University (IR.HSU.REC.1401.004). All participants were informed about the study procedures and provided written informed consent.Compliance with Ethical GuidelinesThe research followed the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional guidelines. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality was maintained.FundingThis study received no external funding and was conducted with the resources available to the research team.Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this study.